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93]. Glycosaminoglycan chains (and, therefore, the proteoglycans) are negatively charged. It is the result of carboxyl and sulfate residues in their structure [88,94]. Due to the strong negative charge, these molecules tend to elongate...

surface area (500–1500 m2/g)8. The carbon surface charges can be enhanced by surface functional groups (such as carboxyl, phenyl, and lactone groups, as shown in Fig. 1b) to improve the heavy metal uptake9. Among various modification...

is used as the reactant, the carbonate anion from sodium bicarbonate or carbonate, reacts with the hydrogen from the carboxyl group (-COOH) in acetic acid, forming carbonic acid. Carbonic acid readily decomposes under normal conditions...

contains the most commonly observed consensus sequence DxDxDG. The negatively charged Ca2+-liganding oxygen atoms donated by carboxyl and carbonyl groups are located at vertices of a distorted octahedron. The side chains of loop residues...