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effect estimates were extracted at 3 months, 6 months, and 12 months after randomisation. Complier Average Causal Effect (CACE) analysis investigated the effect of adherence with early structured physiotherapy on the OSS at 12 months...

of the causal estimate with each individual SNP as a tool. The vertical line represents the estimated causal effect obtained using IVW and MR-Egger methods. Next, we performed sensitivity analyses to validate the causal association...

mortality. However, despite a cohort of >10,000 participants, it was still too underpowered to confirm a causal relationship [71]. Lung The effect of vitamin D on the lungs has a strong rationale, demonstrated by basic science, due to...

this universe and I are one body This world was created by anyone or by chance not made It is the product of a causal effect by an inevitable cause. If I love someone, I will be loved If you inflict pain on others he himself will suffer...

NBER) The Role of Hospital Networks in Individual Mortality (CEPR) Identifying the Cumulative Causal Effect of a Non-Binary Treatment from a Binary Instrument (NBER) The Negligible Effect of Free Contraception on Fertility: Experimental...

Two-Stage Least Squares (2SLS): Use the instrumental variable in a two-stage regression model to estimate the causal effect. Example: In econometric studies, distance to the nearest hospital might be used as an instrumental variable for...

gastric ulcer, diverticular disease, cholelithiasis, acute pancreatitis, and ulcerative colitis. For the causal effect of genetic liability to depression on non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, a substantial proportion was mediated by...

depression, and greater use of mental health services. A preponderance of evidence indicates that there is a causal effect between divorce and these outcomes.[72] A study in Sweden led by the Centre for Health Equity Studies (Chess) at...

two-way causal prong and a logical/linguistic prong. The causal prong, which Hacking (who does not call it causal) calls "the looping effect of human kinds," is presented first: "People classified in a certain way tend to conform to or...