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due to compression of the carotid arteries. If this compression is severe enough, it can result in cerebral ischemia (CNS dysfunction). Clinically, we see disturbed sleeping patterns, increased anxiety, and mental sluggishness. The March...

edition) defines migraine aura as an “early symptom of an attack, believed to be the manifestations of focal cerebral dysfunction, typically lasting 20–30 min and precedes the headache” [48]. Visual aura is, by far, the most prevalent...

to dysfunction of the trapezius muscle, which results in drooping of the shoulder, asymmetry of the neckline, downward rotation and protraction of the scapula, and weakness of forward elevation and abduction movements, but there are many...

inadequate cerebral perfusion on upright posture and is associated with a rapid increase in heart rate.9 In patients with orthostatic hypotension, because of an inadequate physiological response to postural changes in blood pressure, the...

cell dysfunction, inflammatory cell infiltrations, SMC breakdown, and ECM remodeling, ultimately leading to vessel wall degeneration and cell death32,33. Hence, the management of arterial hypertension is crucial in dealing with...

Dementia is associated with various risk factors and conditions such as insufficient cerebral blood supply, toxin exposure, mitochondrial dysfunction, oxidative damage, and often coexisting with some neurodegenerative disorders such as...

the cerebral cortex58 were significantly elevated in the brains of patients with Alzheimer disease. Claims have been made that Aβ(1–42)61, activated microglia62, iron accumulation63 and dysfunctional mitochondria contribute to...

the cerebral cortex (Furukawa et al., 2014). Although concentrations of taurine below 1 mM do not activate the GABA receptor in many regions of the CNS, taurine deficiency leads to impaired GABAergic inhibition in the striatum, a...

correct dysfunction of pathophysiological systems in neurobiology of depression. It is worth noting that depressive and anxious symptoms usually coexist in many patients and share common pathological factors and pharmacological targets...