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malabsorption. Although staging models describing “exocrine pancreatic dysfunction” have been proposed to characterise early reductions in secretion,9 these stages may occur in individuals who remain clinically pancreas-sufficient and...

inflammatory fibrotic niche We next used immunofluorescence confocal microscopy to confirm the presence and to characterise the microanatomical niches of cell populations identified by single-cell analysis. Multiplex immunostaining using...

amount of microbial diversity missed by culturing methods [7, 11, 36]. Pace and colleagues were the first to characterise microorganisms via their 16S rRNA sequences obtained directly from the environment through the ingenious use of...

bulk metabolomics and can accurately determine the types, contents and spatial distributions of metabolites, and then characterise the chemical makeup of a tissue or organ at spatial resolution [79]. Thus, spatial metabolomics can...