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damage intensifies, the sarcolemma is breached, resulting in uncontrolled entry of extracellular calcium ions into the cytoplasm, activating the proteolytic enzyme calpains, ultimately causing muscle damage (4,7,12,48). However, a number...

Hsp70 and mtHsp60 recognized as DAMP and trigger pro-inflammatory cascade. [123] Clusterin Extracellular, Nucleus, Cytoplasm Extracellularly, functions as an inhibitor of apoptosis; Intracellularly, can function as a promoter of...

they are close to being energetically neutral. The relative concentrations of glutamate and α-ketoglutarate within the cytoplasm and mitochondria are therefore critical in determining which amino acid is made or catabolised, and how...

persisted until 24 h (Figure 1A,B). Next, we investigated whether Tau-Cl induces Nrf2 translocation from the cytoplasm to the nucleus. Nuclear Nrf2 levels significantly increased after 9 h of Tau-Cl treatment and the enhanced level was...