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dendritic cells undergo dramatic changes as a result of activation of their PRRs, and non-myeloid cells, such as epithelial and endothelial cells, are increasingly understood to respond to PAMPs and DAMPs in ways that relate to host...

symmetrically and are continuously replenished by a separate upstream stem cell pool (LPCs), respiratory basal epithelial cells play the stem-like role themselves: they undergo the full spectrum of stem cell division fates—symmetric...

250(Pt 1):117946. doi:10.1016/j.bcp.2026.117946. 10. Tajik N, Frech M, Schulz O, et al. Targeting zonulin and intestinal epithelial barrier function to prevent onset of arthritis. Nat Commun. 2020;11:1995. doi:10.1038/s41467-020-15831-7...

except for the renal medulla where it generates sorbitol as an intracellular osmolyte that protects kidney epithelial cells from osmotic stress. Importantly however, AR can be induced in other tissues by stimuli including hyperglycemia...