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of both neurons (Pascual et al., 1998) and astrocytes (Morken et al., 2014) has been demonstrated upon ischemic insult ex vivo. These studies suggest that pyruvate recycling may provide an alternative pathway to generate acetyl CoA, and...

neurologic insult is current or imminent and surgery is warranted, the accepted diagnostic criteria for chronic upper cervical instability not requiring surgery are not so clear-cut (57–60). These classification systems are well-suited...

post-ischemic gene expression in multiple organs.6 In essence, IF induces several classes of beneficial genes including those that modulate metabolism, signal transduction, cell survival and growth factors and concomitantly suppresses...

infectious insult or activation of PAMPs30–32. SCI often increases with age30, as indicated by studies showing that older individuals have higher circulating levels of cytokines, chemokines and acute phase proteins, as well as greater...