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nutrients, such as glucose, that are vital for energy and homeostasis (Simpson et al., 2007). Transport of glucose, lactate, amino acids, and fatty acids occurs via GLUT1 (Slc2a1), MCT1 (Slc16a1), LAT1 (Slc7a5), and MFSD2A, respectively...

Asp aspartate, Cit citrate, G3P glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate, Gln glutamine, Glu glutamate, Gly glycine, Lac lactate, Mal malate, NAD+ nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide, NADH reduced NAD+, OAA oxaloacetate, P5C pyrroline 5-carboxylate, Pro...

dehydrogenase activity and causes a deficiency in pyruvate, arising from the massive conversion of pyruvate to lactate (Schaffer et al., 2016). Thus, despite stimulation of glycolysis, glucose oxidation is significantly reduced in the...

the actions of GAPDH and glucose consumption. To maintain homeostatic levels of NADH, pyruvate is reduced to lactate, yielding the oxidation of one NADH molecule in a process known as lactic fermentation. In lactic fermentation, the two...