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Phytates bind to iron, zinc, magnesium, calcium, and potassium, reducing their absorption. They can also bind to lipids (fats), reducing the absorption of fat-soluble vitamins like vitamin D. Legumes can cause digestive symptoms in some...

and highly conserved molecular structures shared by the same kind of pathogenic microorganisms,25,26 including lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids, such as lipopolysaccharides (LPS), lipoteichoic acid (LTA), and bacterial DNA.27,28 PAMPs...

cycle between oxidation and reduction states and form hydroxyl radicals [35]. Hydroxyl radicals react with DNA and lipids, causing DNA damage and lipid peroxidation, respectively. Moreover, oxidative stress caused by excess copper causes...

such as the presence of live probiotics, prebiotic exopolysaccharides and oligosaccharides, bioactive peptides and lipids. Most dairy starter cultures are selected for their desirable properties such as rapid acidification, flavor...