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skin, mucosal tissue, blood–brain barrier, and chemical barrier (e.g. fatty acid, pH, enzyme, and complement system) of the host can effectively resist the invasion of general pathogenic microorganisms;2,3,4 second, the innate immune...

can break down indigestible plant polysaccharides and resistant starch, thus facilitating the absorption of complex carbohydrates. In a healthy gut, probiotics continuously proliferate and smoothly synthesize vitamins [17]. By breaking...

degrade mucosal antibodies, and impair immune defense. The challenge of antimicrobial resistance Bacterial infections pose a significant global burden, with increasing drug resistance exacerbating the problem. Multidrug-resistant...

oral mucosal disease pathogenesis Article 26 May 2021 Introduction In 1891, the first oral microbiologist Willoughby D. Miller put forward the theory of oral focal infections, suggesting that oral microbial infection can affect other...