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alterations comprise epithelial hyperplasia, goblet cell metaplasia and increased mucus generation. In the submucosal layer, smooth muscle hypertrophy, collagen accumulation and large mucus glands prevail, leading to airway narrowing and...

in the CNS is present in the ENS [54]. These neurons are organized into two interconnected networks, the myenteric and submucosal plexus, which regulate motility and secretion respectively in a coordinated fashion [55]. Different classes...

neural continuity with each other, forming two distinct ganglionated neuronal plexuses called the myenteric and submucosal plexuses14. Unlike skeletal muscle, which is only innervated by excitatory neurons20, smooth muscle cells of the...

and decreased bowel motility, which in part result from α-synuclein-mediated degeneration of the myenteric and submucosal plexus24 and—in treated patients—from local effects of dopamine25,28. Delayed gastric emptying occurs in 70...