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speech, may ameliorate the symptoms of dysarthria. Dysphagia is usually caused by an inability to initiate the swallowing reflex or by a prolongation of laryngeal or oesophageal movement. Dysphagia is often subclinical, particularly in...

in inhibition of microbial attachment to oral epithelium.48,49 Saliva is cleared from the mouth by reflex swallowing. This swallowing eliminates food debris, microorganisms, and loose cells from the mouth, providing a continuous...

dysfunction (for example, arrhythmias or marked variation in blood pressure), severe swallowing dysfunction or diminished cough reflex, and rapid progression of weakness72,73. A state of imminent respiratory insufficiency is defined as...

the abdominal and stomach muscles contract, expelling the stomach contents through the esophagus. Swallowing is also a reflex activity. The reflex is triggered by tactile stimulation of the mucosa of the palate, pharynx, and epiglottis...