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include subchondral bone remodeling resulting in increased thickness, osteophytes, bone marrow lesions and vascular invasion into the overlying cartilage. Inflammatory cells, primarily macrophages, are present in the synovium and can...

pain relief after the acupuncture treatment. During inflammation, tissue damage caused by pathogen invasion induces the release of vascular active substances and chemokines by resident tissue cells, which recruit immune cells from the...

J Biol Chem. 1998;273:28238–28246.[PubMed] 89. Bachelder RE, Wendt MA, Mercurio AM. Vascular endothelial growth factor promotes breast carcinoma invasion in an autocrine manner by regulating the chemokine receptor CXCR4. Cancer Res...

VEGFR Vascular endothelial growth factors, NF-kβ nuclear factor kappa B, MAPK mitogen-activated protein kinase, HIF-1α (Hypoxia-inducible factor 1-alpha). 3.1.1.5 Lung cancer The lung is the only organ that is under more exposure to...

the vascular disease was the most common aetiology (n=64, 31.1%). Table 1 Distribution of the third, fourth, and sixth cranial nerve palsy patients by age, gender, laterality, and aetiology Full size table The distribution of aetiologies...

increased vascular permeability, 2) infiltration of leukocytes, 3) activation of glial cells, and 4) production of inflammatory mediators including cytokines and chemokines (Table 1). While the CNS is normally protected by the blood...

of invasion of toxins, pathogens, immune cells, or ion dysregulation, which would lead to neuronal dysfunction and degeneration [1]. BBB function emerges from an association of brain cells, including brain endothelial cells, mural cells...

cell cancelation.99 The up-regulated vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) can induce...and promote the synthesis of uPA (Urokinase plasminogen activator), involved in the invasion and metastasis of...

and vascularize the growing tumor that facilitate tumor expansion and invasion [38]. Additionally, VEGF was also reported to induce vasodilatation and increases vascular permeability. This makes the newly-formed capillaries more...